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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707524

Despite their unique potential as rare 1,1-dipole synthons, allyl sulfones are rarely used in target-oriented syntheses, likely due to the lack of a general catalytic method for their branch-selective allylic substitution. Herein, we identified allyl 4-chlorophenyl sulfone as a versatile linchpin for both base-mediated α-derivatization and subsequent cobalt-catalyzed allylic substitution. The sequential transformations allow for highly regioselective access to branched allylic substitution products with a variety of aliphatic side chains. The photoredox-enabled­ ­cobalt catalysis is indispensable for achieving high yields and regioselectivity­ for the desulfonylative substitution in contrast to traditional metal-catalyzed protocols, which lead to inferior outcomes in the corresponding transformations.
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707945

Tertiary α-hydroxyphosphine oxides have been synthesized via the catalyst- and solvent-free reaction between available secondary phosphine oxides and aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic ketones at 20–62 °C in near to 96–98% yield. The developed method meets the requirements of green chemistry and the PASE (pot, atom, step economy) paradigm. According to quantum-chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level, the synthesized hydroxyphosphine oxides feature a weak (≈3 kcal·mol–1) O−H···O=P intramolecular hydrogen bond.
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708018

BF3·OEt2-catalyzed aldol reaction of steroid sapogenins with glyoxylic acid or pyruvic acid led to compounds in which the novel spirocyclic side chain bears an α,β-unsaturated lactone. The structures of the new spirolactones were established with the aid of combined 1D and 2D NMR techniques. A plausible mechanism is described.
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690896

Zeolites are the most used catalysts worldwide in petrochemistry processes, with particular ability to stabilize carbocations. However, the use of zeolites in organic synthesis is still scarce. We show here that representative carboxonium-mediated organic reactions, such as the Nazarov cyclization and the tert-butylation of alcohols with tert-butyl acetate, typically performed with very strong acid catalysts in solution such as triflic acid, can be catalyzed by simple zeolites with high yield and selectivity. The aluminosilicate framework stabilizes the intermediate carboxonium species and overrides the need for superacid protons in solution.
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708020

Studies carried out to further develop tin-catalyzed trans­carbamoylation reactions demonstrated that transcarbamoylation of cinnamyl alcohol in the context of allyl cyanate-to-isocyanate rearrangement can be efficiently carried out on a ten-gram scale and that tin-­catalyzed transcarbamoylation is a valuable alternative to the method using trichloroacetyl isocyanate. In addition, methyl carbamate was found to be an economical carabamoyl donor in tin-catalyzed transcarbamoylation, which showed broad functional group tolerance and allowed a streamlined workup procedure. Finally, a unique synthetic method was developed for the preparation of carbamate-tethered terpene glycoconjugates.
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708019

Attempts to prepare azido-substituted aurones via a copper-catalyzed azidation failed to afford the desired product, but instead resulted in an unusual triazole formation reaction. Further efforts noted that copper was not required for this reaction, but simply thermal treatment with sodium azide in a polar aprotic solvent. A wide range of substitution patterns were tolerated in this reaction to afford the interesting salicyl-substituted triazoles in modest to excellent yield. While the mechanism is not yet clear, a simple elimination/cyclization pathway seems unlikely given the failure of the reaction on the corresponding thioaurones, which feature an even better thiol leaving group. Regardless, the potential utility of these easily accessible, multifunctional compounds should engender further interest and applications.
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690898

Many chemical transformations of organosilicon compounds proceed due to the capability of silyl substituents to stabilize a positive charge in its β-position. This short review provides an overview of the present understanding of the β-silicon effect and focusses on the synthetic applications of 1,2-silyl shifts resulting from non-vertical stabilization of alkylcarbenium ions and vinyl cations. The reactions of silicon containing unsaturated starting materials, alkenes, allenes, and alkynes, involving β-silyl group stabilized cationic intermediates, transition metal carbenes, or vinylidene complexes will be discussed.1 Introduction2 Origins of the β-Silicon Effect3 Reactions of Allenylsilanes4 Reactions of Alkynes4.1 Propargylsilanes4.2 Alkynylsilanes5 Reactions of Alkenes5.1 Allylsilanes5.2 Vinylsilanes6 Conclusions
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690893

The results of the DFT studies on the mechanism of the PIII/PV=O catalyzed reductive amination of nitrosoarenes using ArB(OH)2 yielding diaryl amines are reported. This allowed a comparison of the reaction paths and key intermediates of the Cu(I)- and P(III)-mediated reductive aminations of aryl boronic acids using alkylnitrites, nitroso- or nitroarenes, and revealed important similarities in the catalytic reactivity of transition-metal and main-group elements in C(sp2)–N bond-forming reactions. It is shown that both transformations occur via ambiphilic nitrenoid-type key intermediates, the reactivity of which towards the aryl boronic acid is attributed to the presence of both a Lewis acid center (Cu or P) and a Lewis base center (the N or O atoms of the ‘N=O’ component).
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707471

A novel convenient acid-catalyzed acylation of enaminodiones with acylbenzotriazoles via soft enolization has been developed for the direct synthesis of hard-to-reach 5-acyl-3-oxy-4-pyrones. The important advantages of the reaction include broad substrate scope, mild conditions, scalability, and readily isolation of products by crystallization without the use of chromatography. Further modification of the pyrone ring and synthesis of various azaheterocycles via ring-opening transformation have been demonstrated for the preparation of potential scaffolds for inhibition of metalloenzymes.
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708017

The earlier described reaction of homophthalic anhydrides with aromatic ketones and ammonium acetate was tested for cyclic ketones (yielding spirocyclic motifs) and aliphatic aldehydes. In contrast to previous findings, the reaction was found to require no catalyst at all and to be applicable, in the non-catalyzed format, to these new carbonyl substrates as well as aromatic ketones. The reaction typically proceeds with high diastereoselectivity; if not, the initial diastereomeric mixture can be quantitatively equilibrated into a single, trans-diastereomer on treatment with aqueous base.
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690886

The 1,4-dicarbonyl scaffold ethyl 3-formyl-4,5-dihydrofuran-2-carboxylate was obtained through the rearrangement of the parent ethyl 2-(4,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)-2-oxoacetate and applied to the synthesis of a series of 7-alkoxy-2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyridazines. Twelve pyridazines­ were obtained in yields of up to 70%.
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690874

Many chiral ethers have important physiological activities. Although many asymmetric hydroalkoxylations of olefins with alcohols or phenols have been developed to make chiral ethers, challenges still remain in achieving high reactivity and selectivity over an ever-increasing diversity of alkenes and alcohols. In this review, recent developments on catalytic asymmetric alkene hydroalkoxylations are summarized based on the substitution patterns of alkenes.1 Introduction2 Asymmetric Hydroalkoxylation of Non-Activated Alkenes2.1 Intramolecular Additions2.2 Intermolecular Additions3 Asymmetric Hydroalkoxylation of Enol Ethers3.1 Intramolecular Additions3.2 Intermolecular Additions4 Asymmetric Hydroalkoxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds4.1 α,β-Unsaturated Ketones and Aldehydes as Substrates4.2 α,β-Unsaturated Esters, Amides and Carboxylic Acids as Substrates5 Asymmetric Hydroalkoxylation of Allenes5.1 Intramolecular Additions5.2 Intermolecular Additions6 Conclusion
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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Synthesis
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690858

Copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition is a useful tool for the synthesis of both 1,2,3-triazoles and 5-iodo-1H-1,2,3-triazoles starting from either terminal alkynes or iodoalkynes. 5-Iodotriazoles have been recognized as very useful building blocks for the synthesis of diverse 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. Synthetic application of 5-iodo-1,2,3-triazoles through the creation of a new C–C, C–heteroatom, or C–D(T) bond along with the application areas of both iodotriazoles and products of their modification including radiolabeled compounds are discussed.1 Introduction2 Synthetic Approaches to 5-Iodo-1H-1,2,3-triazoles3 5-Iodotriazoles in C–C Bond Formation3.1 Intermolecular C–C Cross-Coupling3.2 Intramolecular Cross-Coupling: Direct Arylation and C–I/C–I Homocoupling­3.3 Other Transformations4 5-Iodotriazoles in Radiolabeling, Halogen Exchange, and Heterocoupling Reactions5 Summary
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© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

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